video game terminology work

Historical context

• Computer games as an industry is relatively new compared to other media
• Games can be played on multiple consoles : xbox, playstation, nintendo etc
• these enable the user to engage in multiplayer interactivity
• games used to just seen as a teenage thing but its now depicted for everyone
• playing computer games is now taken more seriously and getting the attention of more media

Industry 

• video games regulation is a sensitive issue and there are regular reports regarding the content of video games
• the wider media tend to blame violent behaviour or lack of sociability of young people on video games
• until 2012 classification of video games was done by both PEGI and the BBFC but now its the VSC

The audience appeal of video games

• Video games are a different form of media and offer a different experience
• Play against friends
• play online 
• interactive experience
• video games are typically role playing games

Key terms

• MMORPG- Massively multiplayer online role playing games
• Persistent worlds- a feature of MMORPG games, meaning that the game world continues even when the gamer is not a part of it. In this way the virtual world replica
• CRPG- computer role playing games
• Augmented reality- computer generated content overlaid on a real world environment commonly used in video games. Augmented reality hardware comes in many forms, including devices such as hand held devices and devices you wear, such as headsets
• Avatar the player's representation of themselves within the game

Gaming genres

• • 1Action
    • 1.1Platform games
    • 1.2Shooter games
    • 1.3Fighting games and beat 'em ups
    • 1.4Stealth game
    • 1.5Survival games
    • 1.6Rhythm games
  • 2Action-adventure
    • 2.1Survival horror
    • 2.2Metroidvania
  • 3Adventure
    • 3.1Text adventures
    • 3.2Graphic adventures
    • 3.3Visual novels
    • 3.4Interactive movie
    • 3.5Real-time 3D adventures
  • 4Role-playing
    • 4.1Action RPG
    • 4.2MMORPG
    • 4.3Roguelikes
    • 4.4Tactical RPG
    • 4.5Sandbox RPG
    • 4.6First-person party-based RPG
    • 4.7Cultural differences
    • 4.8Choices
    • 4.9Fantasy
  • 5Simulation
    • 5.1Construction and management simulation
    • 5.2Life simulation
    • 5.3Vehicle simulation
  • 6Strategy
    • 6.14X game
    • 6.2Artillery game
    • 6.3Real-time strategy (RTS)
    • 6.4Real-time tactics (RTT)
    • 6.5Multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA)
    • 6.6Tower defense
    • 6.7Turn-based strategy (TBS)
    • 6.8Turn-based tactics (TBT)
    • 6.9Wargame
    • 6.10Grand strategy wargame
  • 7Sports
    • 7.1Racing
    • 7.2Sports game
    • 7.3Competitive
    • 7.4Sports-based fighting

Uses and Gratification and hypodermic needle theory

The hypodermic needle theory states that the audience is a passive receptor of whatever the media wants to put into us, which could be translated simpler by saying we accept whatever the media says without going against it. Hypodermic needle theory could also be seen as giving us no free will since we are 'empty vessels' but the uses and gratification theory gives us our own determination of free will which could come from personal experience, religion, and culture.

the uses and gratification theory state that products are meant to give the audience either a sense of:

Identity

Information/surveillance

entertainment

to form friendships 

 A product example of the uses and gratification theory is Fifa 18 which is a video based on football.

Fifa 18 can give you a sense of identity since it would give you a hierarchy among friends since you would want to be better than all your friends, this also links to the 'form friendships' part of the theory since Fifa 18 is an online game where you can play against friends or random people who you can make friends with. Since Fifa 18 it is clearly a source of entertainment since most people play the game for fun or to be competitive. This could link to Mazlo's hierarchy of needs theory since Fifa may provide a better self esteem because when you win games it makes you feel better about yourself. Stuart Hall's reception theory says that there are three ways a product can be received by an audience, which are the preferred reading, the negotiated reading, and the oppositional reading. The preferred reading of Fifa 18 is that it's a fun game that we should buy and play for hours, the negotiated reading is that Fifa 18 is a good game and is fun but if you lose a game you will be angry with yourself and the game and the oppositional reading is that Fifa 18 is bad game and it will only lead to anger and frustration if you're bad at the game.   

Context:

June 19th, 2017, a van was driven into pedestrians in Finsbury Park, London, injuring at least eight people. This occurred near the Muslim Welfare House, 100 yards (90 m) from Finsbury Park Mosque. This was seen as a terrorist attack. Darren Osbourne was charged with terrorist-related murder and attempted murder.

Content:

Within the article it says that Darren Osbourne was actually aiming to kill Jeremy Corbyn since he was meant to be in a march that he ended up not attending, Osbourne also claimed he wasn't the one driving the van and it was actually someone he met in a pub a year back whose been named as 'Dave' but later on in the article it states that Osbourne said he was the only one in the van meaning he was the driver, he was also under the influence of "a couple pints" as he puts it.

Opinion:

I think that he was acting alone and most likely partially drunk and now he's realized that this is a serious crime and doesn't want to go to prison so he's trying to find an excuse in order to stop the jury from finding him guilty however I think its unlikely the jurors will plead not guilty.

Weekly News

Context
News article from BBC news posted 5pm 23/01/2018
Content
This article, as the headline of it, states that Boris Johnson is rebuked(strong disapproval of one's actions) over a plea for cash for the NHS since he was a strong Brexit supporter which is proven by the quote " Vote Leave - of which Mr. Johnson was a leading supporter". The article says that Boris Johnson has asked for money even though he claimed that the country would be saving more money since the UK was giving 350 million pounds a week to the EU, which by leaving we could put that money back into the NHS, this is justified by the quote "claimed £350m went to the EU each week and money could instead go to the NHS, a claim he has repeatedly defended since."
Comparison

The guardian also argues the same points and is very similar to what the BBC says.

Opinion
In my opinion although Boris Johnson might be somewhat contradictory since he's asking for money even though he said that after we left the EU we would have left over savings since we wouldn't be giving money over to them, however its not really necessary for the backlash that he's received from asking for money that would overall benefit the country as a whole.

Weekly news

A news article from the BBC

Within this news article, it discusses that Donald Trump has said some racist things at a meeting on what to do with illegal immigrants. He has alleged said hours after the meeting, reports emerged that Mr. Trump had asked: "Why are we having all these people from shithole countries come here?" The US should be taking in migrants from countries like Norway, he is reported to have said. Accounts suggest that when Mr. Trump was told that the largest groups of immigrants with that status were from El Salvador, Honduras, and Haiti, the president responded: "Haitians? Do we need more Haitians?" 

Throughout this news post, there were three videos, the first one is how Trump voters rate his first presidential year, the second is on how the American people feel about what he and allegedly said and the last one is on the impact and how people feel about his immigration policy.

In my opinion, Trump probably did say those things since he is known for being a president who speaks his mind, however, the way it came out was not necessarily in a nice way so he is trying to cover up his tracks by saying the allegations are false but only time will tell. 

Young and Rubicam's audience theory.

Young and Rubicam is a New York advertising agency who developed a method of categorising people into recognisable stereotypes that reflect their motivational needs. 

Simply using demographics like age or gender to divide and categorise an audience doesn't always produce an accurate result as it is becoming outdated as people may not fit into the right categories. This encouraged Young and Rubicam to create their theory which categories the audience into five groups based on their motivational needs. which allows a producer to change their methods to appeal to a specific audience.

The Five main categories are: 

The Aspirer, they like brands with a status that show their place in society. they are happy to spend a lot of money on luxury goods, which they often do so using credit. they like to think they are stylish and current and can often be persuaded the most by celebrity endorsements.Their goal is one of status.

The Explorer, they like to discover new things and can be attracted to new brands that may be slightly unknown. they look for innovative and exciting products and experiences. they seek to discover and love adventure.

The Mainstreamer, they make up 40% of the audience.they tend to stick to tried and trusted brands which they now they like and are value for money. they class themselves as a larger group of like-minded people who are likely to stick to what they know and not take risks.Their biggest comfort is security.

The Reformer, they are motivated by self-esteem and self-improvement.they do not follow big brands and are not attracted to status, they are not materialistic and do not like to follow the pack. these people are socially aware and are more likely to invest in goods that are beneficial to the environment and invest more in brands that are good for them or others.They are mainly attracted to enlightenment.

The successor, these are the ones with high social status and are happy with their status and feel they have nothing to prove. they believe they deserve the best and decide upon the best brands based on reliability. they often seek control.

Pros and Cons
This theory can be seen as a more up to date theory compared to theories such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs which can be seen as outdated and in a modern society not be representative of all groups whereas young and Rubicam's theory helps categories all people making it easier to relate to your targeted audience. In a modern society, it is becoming harder to categorise people based on class or income, therefore, using this theory makes it easier to group people in a more current way as it because hard to distinguish between class which is becoming outdated.

If a high street brand such as top shop was to use this theory to understand which kind of audience it would have they would find there target audience would be mainstreamers, as top shop is a high street brand which is trustworthy and fashionable therefore appeals to people less likely to take risks and wanting to stay on trend and stick to trusted and tried brands. 

However, a higher end brand such as Armani may appeal to the aspirers more as they wish to show off their wealth. they like to spend more money on luxury goods to look better. these people are attracted to brands recognised as being a lot of money and want to show off the money they have.

Reception theory 

Stuart Hall (1980)
Within the theory it states that media texts are encoded by producers meaning that whoever produces the text has put in values and messages, the text in then decoded by the audience however different audiences will decode different texts in multiple ways.
A text can be decoded in one of three different ways

• Dominant or preferred reading
• When the audience interprets the meaning exactly how the producer intended to

• Negotiated reading
• Where the audience goes through different sides of the argument and tries to look at different perspectives, they may agree and disagree with some points

• Oppositional reading
• Completely rejects and disregards the producers intentions

An example of this is

• Preferred reading is that we would instantly want to go out and buy a BIg Mac
• Negotiated meaning is that we would want to go and get one however it might be bad for us
• Oppositional reading is that its unhealthy for us and and we won't go and get it

Weekly News

This is an article from the bbc 

Barry Bennell ,former football coach, was a "predatory and determined paedophile" who abused one boy on more than 100 occasions, a court has heard. Within this news article Barry Bennell has denied 48 acts of sex offence charges invovling 11 children, with many of the alleged attack occuring at Mr Bennell's house. Nicholas Johnson QC (prosectuting) told the jury Mr Bennell had worked as a youth football coach in Cheshire, Manchester and Derbyshire, he also told the jury "Not only was there the promise of high quality football, but they were given lots of sports kit and allowed to eat takeaway food." Mr Bennell is also an alleged 'devious peadophile' Mr Bennell is on trial for 35 counts of indecent assault, 11 serious sexual assaults and two counts of attempted sexual assault, on boys aged between eight and 14. Mr Bennell told police he was suffering with cancer which in turn had caused memory problems.
In all other news outlets that have been documenting this I haven't seen contrasting views and they all say the same story with no bias even though they have diffent political views and in my opinion if this all comes out as true then this man should be jailed for life because what he did is disgusting and wrong however the cancer that Mr Bennell claims to have had I personally believe that he might be faking it to get the jury to feel sorry for him.

:Structure

A big headline in bold letters to draw attention to it. 

Red percentages to make them stand out

Newspaper title at the top

two other headlines that are for entertainment and to attract people

red headline through the middle in block capitals

:Content

A main picture (of George Osbourne) at the bottom section surrounded by words in a large font (saying RICH PAY 35% TAX POOR PAY 36% TAX) and at the bottom there is a sarcastic piece of text (saying "So, were all in this together, eh, George?)

In the top right theres a small bit of entertainment news saying "£5000 plastic handbags celebs cant do without it.

on the left side there a bit more entertainment text saying " 21 reasons to have great sex tonight"

:Story 

the main story is talking about how the rich pay less tax than poor people and then says the their in this together sarcastically showing that he betrayed the poorer people 

:Political position 

Labour